39. Name a site that tracks and documents CSS bug and hacks?
-www.Davidjrush.com detects bugs and hacks
40. How can we circumventing a majority of IE/PC bugs without using hacks?
-There are two fixes to this. One is avoid using padding, and use margin instead (which is not included in the same way that padding and border are) when working with objects with defined width or heights. This is what I tend to do, because it doesn’t require using a hack.
41. What is one way to catch design problems before they become too complicated to repair?
-Information arch. Revising your work and progress before it gets to in depth.
42. Why is it important to establish a visual hierarchy in design?
-Visual hierarchy is the visual cues of content based on importance to help a visitor process information (most commonly used in cartography). In a way, a website is just a map, a map of information in which you need to help your visitors view and process the information you are presenting based on importance.
43. What is one way to create a clear order of visual dominance?
-Creating visual dominance has to do with eye catching wallpapers, fonts and images that will entertain the audience.
44. What are some techniques for adding emphasis to page components?
-Adding emphasis to webpages can be used for leading the viewer through the composition and directing them to a secondary focal point, The designer should be able to use all levels of control over the viewer's attention.
45. Why is it important to develop the skill of evaluation?
-To fix problems, solving errors. Anaylzes!
46. What are the size attributes used to change text sizes?
-(Inch) (Cenimeter) (Point sizes) font change attributes can be changed by using fonts like "Arial", "Venrdeta" changing the attributes.
47. Why are relative text sizes important to use?
-Using em's to zoom in with the page.
48. What is leading? How do we set it using CSS?
-Spacing between line height
49. What is an em?
-Resizable text
50. What are the generic font choices?
-Arial, Times New Roman, Samserial
51. What are some methods for communicating a concept with visual design?
-Concept models, communication brief
52. Discuss the use of “theme” in visual design.
-Overall communicating message, concept that pulls everything together
53. How does “theme” relate to style?
-Theme has the same standards as style. Style is fonts, images and color. Theme is topic, age and general range.
54. What is meant by accessibility standards?
-An approach to web site design intended to accommodate site usage using different browsers and settings particularly required by the visually impaired and visitors with other disabilities including motor control, learning difficulties and deaf users.
55. How can color create a barrier to content?
-The use of color can create its own barriers, One example would be, the use of a red square under your headers. A white square under your body and and links. Also a black square under your images. Creating a barrier, splitting the site up to make it function.
56. Why is it important to provide a way for users to skip the navigation list?
-It is important because some users know exactly where they are going on the website, and if there is no skip button they might get bored and leave the site before accomplishing their objective.
57. What is meant by providing “ALT Text” to the user?
-ALT text is for the users who do not have basic text fonts used in most designing programs. The ALT Text alters their font to a correct font so the web page will function correctly.
58. What is the difference between Section 508 and WCAG 1.0?
-Section 508 was included in an amendment to the Rehabilitation Act in 1986, with the requirement that the Federal Government provide accessible technology to employees and to the public. But the 1986 version provided no guidance for determining accessibility of information technology and there were no enforcement procedures.
-The Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI) was formed by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) in order to bring accessibility considerations into the technology development of the Web Consortium and to determine guidelines for accessible technology including web authoring and user agents (browsers). As Tim Berners-Lee, the inventor of the Web, and the Director of the W3C put it, "The power of the Web is in its universality. Access by everyone regardless of disability is an essential aspect."
Sunday, November 29, 2009
Monday, November 23, 2009
study questions...
29. What is the purpose of design?
-Establishing the purpose of your design project and identifying the right tool to use in order to accomplish your goal ensures a higher return on your investment.
30. Explain how grouping aids visual organization.
-Grouping aids the user very much, the more help you are giving the more likely your project is going to come out more creative, well structured and establish a very successful business. The visual organization is not a one man job, it needs and requires the help of many people not just one individual.
31. Discuss the roles of repetition, echo, and theme in creating visual harmony.
-Repetition of sounds, from syllables, words or repeated lines in of art creating a huge masterpiece using patterns of design.
-Echo is the color or symbol that is being displayed, which is bouncing off the walls of the webpage making all colors come together. Equally out the creation or design idea.
-The theme is the main goal and step. Your theme is what creates the mood and feeling. For example, if your theme is gardens. Then your going to use a lot of repetition using grass, trees and flowers. The echo may be the color of the garden, also the effect.
32. How does a layout grid facilitate the design process?
-The layout grid is a major thing to look at before designing, because if you have a idea and sketched it out. It may not go hand and hand with the layout grid. The grid could be showing a site that is smaller and made for those who have problems reading. Your idea will then change from your graphic site, into a text site matching the layout grid.
33. What is the key difference between liquid and elastic layout?
-Liquid layout are layouts that are based on percentages of the current browser window's size. They flex with the size of the window, even if the current viewer changes their browser size as they're viewing the site.
-Expanding or contracting according to demand or economic conditions, as a fare or room rate.
*Study Questions #4*
34. Why use lists for creating navigation systems?
-Lists can be very helpful with navigation systems because some businesses have a lot of topics, and a broad business. A good example would be Microsoft. They have a very broad company and make a lot of different and popular products. Meaning the lists for their navigation would be very helpful for those trying to find a specific product.
35. How can you create custom bullet graphics for HTML lists?
-This is a basic bulleted list using standard HTML. The bullets are plain dots, and they're the same colour as your text. If you have multiple lines of text after each bullet, there isn't very much space left between items either. By making sure the paragraph tags we can create more spacing between our bullet points.
36. How does one create a horizontal navigation list?
-example: a horizontal navigation
37. How can one create status indicators with CSS only?
-brd .userstatus span {
border-color: #DDE4EB;
}
38. What are Definition lists and when would we use them?
-Locate the spot on your page where you want to define a definition list.
-Create the skeleton for your definition list by entering an opening and a closing
tag.
-Add individual definitions to the list by placing DT and DD elements inside the DL, as follows
-Establishing the purpose of your design project and identifying the right tool to use in order to accomplish your goal ensures a higher return on your investment.
30. Explain how grouping aids visual organization.
-Grouping aids the user very much, the more help you are giving the more likely your project is going to come out more creative, well structured and establish a very successful business. The visual organization is not a one man job, it needs and requires the help of many people not just one individual.
31. Discuss the roles of repetition, echo, and theme in creating visual harmony.
-Repetition of sounds, from syllables, words or repeated lines in of art creating a huge masterpiece using patterns of design.
-Echo is the color or symbol that is being displayed, which is bouncing off the walls of the webpage making all colors come together. Equally out the creation or design idea.
-The theme is the main goal and step. Your theme is what creates the mood and feeling. For example, if your theme is gardens. Then your going to use a lot of repetition using grass, trees and flowers. The echo may be the color of the garden, also the effect.
32. How does a layout grid facilitate the design process?
-The layout grid is a major thing to look at before designing, because if you have a idea and sketched it out. It may not go hand and hand with the layout grid. The grid could be showing a site that is smaller and made for those who have problems reading. Your idea will then change from your graphic site, into a text site matching the layout grid.
33. What is the key difference between liquid and elastic layout?
-Liquid layout are layouts that are based on percentages of the current browser window's size. They flex with the size of the window, even if the current viewer changes their browser size as they're viewing the site.
-Expanding or contracting according to demand or economic conditions, as a fare or room rate.
*Study Questions #4*
34. Why use lists for creating navigation systems?
-Lists can be very helpful with navigation systems because some businesses have a lot of topics, and a broad business. A good example would be Microsoft. They have a very broad company and make a lot of different and popular products. Meaning the lists for their navigation would be very helpful for those trying to find a specific product.
35. How can you create custom bullet graphics for HTML lists?
-This is a basic bulleted list using standard HTML. The bullets are plain dots, and they're the same colour as your text. If you have multiple lines of text after each bullet, there isn't very much space left between items either. By making sure the paragraph tags
are inside the list item tags
36. How does one create a horizontal navigation list?
-example:
37. How can one create status indicators with CSS only?
-brd .userstatus span {
border-color: #DDE4EB;
}
38. What are Definition lists and when would we use them?
-Locate the spot on your page where you want to define a definition list.
-Create the skeleton for your definition list by entering an opening and a closing
tag.
-Add individual definitions to the list by placing DT and DD elements inside the DL, as follows
study questions..
19. How does the float property work?
-As you create your website, your going to run into problems with text, body images and divs. The float property works very well when you are trying to keep equal space. You use the float property underneath the body of text or image your trying to make float. You then type float:right or left; and your image or text will float to the direction you commanded it too.
20. Explain absolute positioning.
-Generates an absolutely positioned element, positioned relative to the first parent element that has a position other than static.
21. Explain relative positioning
-Generates a relatively positioned element, positioned relative to its normal position.
22. What is the difference between absolute positioning and fixed positioning?
-fixed property generates an absolutely positioned element, positioned relative to the browser window. So when you scroll down or up the image or text box is always moving with you.
23. What effect do margin, border, and padding have on an element’s width?
-The effect they have on the webpage, is that each element you add to the webpage is going to make it more packed, and crowed and everything will shrink and start to lose space.
24. Draw a diagram explaining the “Box Model”.
-Each box has a content area of text or images and optional surrounding padding, border, and margin areas; the size of each area is specified by properties defined
25. Explain how vertical margins collapse on block level elements.
-The margin, border, and padding can be broken down into top, right, bottom, and left segments.The margin edge surrounds the box margin. If the margin has 0 width, the margin edge is the same as the border edge. The four margin edges define the box's margin box.
26. What is the effect of using the clear property with floated elements?
You cannot see them, because they will not appear on the webpage.
27. Discuss the principle of unequal spacing.
-unequal spacing is a huge problem if your trying to create a webpage, the space that is giving needs to be used properly so you can equally space everything out. So then the user can see each and everything your trying to sell or inform.
28. What is the golden section?
-To divide a piece of paper into a GOLDEN SECTION you must first draw a square as in 'a/b' (in the illustration the light blue area) divide the line by half 'c' illus. and use a compass to make an arch as in 'b/e' illus. Now by extending the base of the square to point e and squareing the area (the gold area) you get an extended rectangle made from your square. This is a GOLDEN SECTION.
-As you create your website, your going to run into problems with text, body images and divs. The float property works very well when you are trying to keep equal space. You use the float property underneath the body of text or image your trying to make float. You then type float:right or left; and your image or text will float to the direction you commanded it too.
20. Explain absolute positioning.
-Generates an absolutely positioned element, positioned relative to the first parent element that has a position other than static.
21. Explain relative positioning
-Generates a relatively positioned element, positioned relative to its normal position.
22. What is the difference between absolute positioning and fixed positioning?
-fixed property generates an absolutely positioned element, positioned relative to the browser window. So when you scroll down or up the image or text box is always moving with you.
23. What effect do margin, border, and padding have on an element’s width?
-The effect they have on the webpage, is that each element you add to the webpage is going to make it more packed, and crowed and everything will shrink and start to lose space.
24. Draw a diagram explaining the “Box Model”.
-Each box has a content area of text or images and optional surrounding padding, border, and margin areas; the size of each area is specified by properties defined
25. Explain how vertical margins collapse on block level elements.
-The margin, border, and padding can be broken down into top, right, bottom, and left segments.The margin edge surrounds the box margin. If the margin has 0 width, the margin edge is the same as the border edge. The four margin edges define the box's margin box.
26. What is the effect of using the clear property with floated elements?
You cannot see them, because they will not appear on the webpage.
27. Discuss the principle of unequal spacing.
-unequal spacing is a huge problem if your trying to create a webpage, the space that is giving needs to be used properly so you can equally space everything out. So then the user can see each and everything your trying to sell or inform.
28. What is the golden section?
-To divide a piece of paper into a GOLDEN SECTION you must first draw a square as in 'a/b' (in the illustration the light blue area) divide the line by half 'c' illus. and use a compass to make an arch as in 'b/e' illus. Now by extending the base of the square to point e and squareing the area (the gold area) you get an extended rectangle made from your square. This is a GOLDEN SECTION.
study questions
1. What is meant by accessibility standards?
-accessibility standards are there to organize and highlight. Web Accessibility, Introducing Accessibility, Guidelines & Techniques, Managing Accessibility, Evaluating Accessibility, and WAI Groups.
2. How can color create a barrier to content?
-Color creates a barrier to content so that it can be presented in different ways. So information can be conveyed with color and is also available without color.
3. Why is it important to provide a way for users to skip the navigation list?
-It is very important to have a skip navigation list because almost all keyboard users are forced to tab through all of the top links in order to reach the main content
4. What is meant by providing “ALT Text” to the user?
-The ALT text is meant to provide alternative or substitute text, primarily for use when the image is not being displayed.
5. What is the difference between Section 508 and WCAG 1.0?
-508 standards relate to lower priority checkpoints from the Web Accessibility Initiative. The view of the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines lists only the priority one checkpoints The Section 508 view includes priority 2 and 3 checkpoints in the comparison.
6. How does design differ from style?
-Design differs from style in many ways, style is the creation, color, and pattern that everyone is using to create their own creation without taking the time to really think and create their own pattern and color. They would rather use someone else's time and patience. Style is the same eye catching colors that a lot of people are using. Design is the key to success, it draws a line between those that work harder than others. Design is the thought process that helps those creators design the best and original designs.
7. Why is it important to separate content from presentation?
-Content and presentation need to be separate for the reason that they are very much alike. The presentation is what helps those observers visualize the topic your talking about. Content is the back-up pictures, video and examples that are their to better help you explain your idea.
8. Why is it important to validate our mark-up & CSS?
-Validation is one of the simplest ways to check whether a page is built in accordance with Web standards, and provides one of the most reliable guarantee that future Web platforms will handle it as designed.
9. What are the two major parts of a CSS rule?
-The first part of the rule is the type of selector whether it be an html selector, a class, or an ID. The selector is followed by a space and then a beginning curly brace.
-Details and rules are important. With CSS you can set up rules (or definitions) to tell specific HTML tags how to display content, or you can create generic rules and apply them to tags when you need them.
10. Define these CSS properties: float, margin, padding, and border.
-The float property is most commonly applied to images and divs and accepts the value of right, left, or none.
-Margins define the space surrounding an element.
-Padding sets the amount of space inside of a block element.
-Border controls enable you to add a visible border around an area.
11. Define these CSS properties: font-family, font-size, line-height, letter-spacing.
-The font family attribute selects the font typeface.
-CSS supports three ways that you can incorporate font sizes in a Web page:Absolute,Relative and Percentage
-Line height may be defined in the shortcut property.
-The letter-spacing attribute controls the amount of white space that is inserted between letters in words.
12. What is the “Box Model?”
-You can apply box styles to block-level elements. Includes Content, Border, Padding and Margin.
13. What is the difference between a CSS class and an ID?
-Div Id is unique. div class u can use any number of times in page
14. What is the difference between a DIV and a SPAN?
-
-accessibility standards are there to organize and highlight. Web Accessibility, Introducing Accessibility, Guidelines & Techniques, Managing Accessibility, Evaluating Accessibility, and WAI Groups.
2. How can color create a barrier to content?
-Color creates a barrier to content so that it can be presented in different ways. So information can be conveyed with color and is also available without color.
3. Why is it important to provide a way for users to skip the navigation list?
-It is very important to have a skip navigation list because almost all keyboard users are forced to tab through all of the top links in order to reach the main content
4. What is meant by providing “ALT Text” to the user?
-The ALT text is meant to provide alternative or substitute text, primarily for use when the image is not being displayed.
5. What is the difference between Section 508 and WCAG 1.0?
-508 standards relate to lower priority checkpoints from the Web Accessibility Initiative. The view of the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines lists only the priority one checkpoints The Section 508 view includes priority 2 and 3 checkpoints in the comparison.
6. How does design differ from style?
-Design differs from style in many ways, style is the creation, color, and pattern that everyone is using to create their own creation without taking the time to really think and create their own pattern and color. They would rather use someone else's time and patience. Style is the same eye catching colors that a lot of people are using. Design is the key to success, it draws a line between those that work harder than others. Design is the thought process that helps those creators design the best and original designs.
7. Why is it important to separate content from presentation?
-Content and presentation need to be separate for the reason that they are very much alike. The presentation is what helps those observers visualize the topic your talking about. Content is the back-up pictures, video and examples that are their to better help you explain your idea.
8. Why is it important to validate our mark-up & CSS?
-Validation is one of the simplest ways to check whether a page is built in accordance with Web standards, and provides one of the most reliable guarantee that future Web platforms will handle it as designed.
9. What are the two major parts of a CSS rule?
-The first part of the rule is the type of selector whether it be an html selector, a class, or an ID. The selector is followed by a space and then a beginning curly brace.
-Details and rules are important. With CSS you can set up rules (or definitions) to tell specific HTML tags how to display content, or you can create generic rules and apply them to tags when you need them.
10. Define these CSS properties: float, margin, padding, and border.
-The float property is most commonly applied to images and divs and accepts the value of right, left, or none.
-Margins define the space surrounding an element.
-Padding sets the amount of space inside of a block element.
-Border controls enable you to add a visible border around an area.
11. Define these CSS properties: font-family, font-size, line-height, letter-spacing.
-The font family attribute selects the font typeface.
-CSS supports three ways that you can incorporate font sizes in a Web page:Absolute,Relative and Percentage
-Line height may be defined in the shortcut property.
-The letter-spacing attribute controls the amount of white space that is inserted between letters in words.
12. What is the “Box Model?”
-You can apply box styles to block-level elements. Includes Content, Border, Padding and Margin.
13. What is the difference between a CSS class and an ID?
-Div Id is unique. div class u can use any number of times in page
14. What is the difference between a DIV and a SPAN?
-
tags are block-level elements, whereas tags are not.
15. How does the “Cascade” relate to the conflicts in CSS rules?
-This is the primary Cascade sorting method. Style rules occurring in the browser default style sheet have the lowest precedence. Reader style sheets take precedence over browser style sheets, and Author style sheets take precendence over both of these.
16. What is the purpose of the Document Type Declaration?
-is a set of markup declarations that define a document type for SGML-family markup languages html
17. What is the difference between a browser’s “quirks” mode and it’s “standards” model?
-Quirk mode is the prime source for browser compatibility information on the Internet.
18. Define inline, embedded, and external (aka. local, global, and linked) stylesheets?
-Inline style sheet within a tag. Applies only to that particular occurance of that tag.
-Embedded) style sheet is defined within the head section of a page. Applies to that page only
-External style sheet defined in a separate, hence external, file. Applies to all pages that link to the external style sheet.
15. How does the “Cascade” relate to the conflicts in CSS rules?
-This is the primary Cascade sorting method. Style rules occurring in the browser default style sheet have the lowest precedence. Reader style sheets take precedence over browser style sheets, and Author style sheets take precendence over both of these.
16. What is the purpose of the Document Type Declaration?
-is a set of markup declarations that define a document type for SGML-family markup languages html
17. What is the difference between a browser’s “quirks” mode and it’s “standards” model?
-Quirk mode is the prime source for browser compatibility information on the Internet.
18. Define inline, embedded, and external (aka. local, global, and linked) stylesheets?
-Inline style sheet within a tag. Applies only to that particular occurance of that tag.
-Embedded) style sheet is defined within the head section of a page. Applies to that page only
-External style sheet defined in a separate, hence external, file. Applies to all pages that link to the external style sheet.
Friday, November 6, 2009
Due Saturday, October 31
21. Describe what is meant by a program flow chart.
Flow charts are a graphical method of designing programs and once the rules are learned are very easy to draw. A well-drawn flow chart is also very easy to read since it basically uses just two symbols, two decision constructs. and two iteration constructs
22. Sketch and label the symbols and constructs used in flow charts.
http://users.evtek.fi/~jaanah/IntroC/DBeech/images/3gl_flow_symbols.gif
http://users.evtek.fi/~jaanah/IntroC/DBeech/images/3gl_repeat.gif
23. State the guidelines for drawing flow charts.
1. Every flow chart has a START symbol and a STOP symbol
2. The flow of sequence is generally from the top of the page to the bottom of the page. This can vary with loops which need to flow back to an entry point.
3. Use arrow-heads on connectors where flow direction may not be obvious.
4. There is only one flow chart per page
5. A page should have a page number and a title
6. A flow chart on one page should not break and jump to another page
7. A flow chart should have no more than around 15 symbols (not including START and STOP)
24. Design a program using a flow chart.
The algorithm sums all the even numbers between 1 and 20 inclusive and then displays the sum. It uses a repeat loop and contains a null else within the repeat loop.
The equivalent pseudocode is:
sum = 0
count = 1
REPEAT
IF count is even THEN sum = sum + count
count = count + 1
UNTIL count > 20
DISPLAY sum
25. Use subprocesses in flow charts.
The subprocess is useful because:
* it provides a means of simplifying programs by making common processes available to a wide number of programs.
* it permits the modularisation of complex programs.
* it makes for more reliable programs since once it is shown that a process works then it can be made a subprocess and need not be tested again.
26. Use nested conditionals in flow charts.
http://users.evtek.fi/~jaanah/IntroC/DBeech/images/3gl_flow_nest2.gif
27. Use nested loops in flow charts
Each single step through the outer loop will lead to the complete iteration
of the innner loop. Assume that the outre loop counts through 10 steps and the inner loop through 100 steps. The sequence in the inner loop will be executed 10 * 100 times. Nested loops will do a lot of work.
Flow charts are a graphical method of designing programs and once the rules are learned are very easy to draw. A well-drawn flow chart is also very easy to read since it basically uses just two symbols, two decision constructs. and two iteration constructs
22. Sketch and label the symbols and constructs used in flow charts.
http://users.evtek.fi/~jaanah/IntroC/DBeech/images/3gl_flow_symbols.gif
http://users.evtek.fi/~jaanah/IntroC/DBeech/images/3gl_repeat.gif
23. State the guidelines for drawing flow charts.
1. Every flow chart has a START symbol and a STOP symbol
2. The flow of sequence is generally from the top of the page to the bottom of the page. This can vary with loops which need to flow back to an entry point.
3. Use arrow-heads on connectors where flow direction may not be obvious.
4. There is only one flow chart per page
5. A page should have a page number and a title
6. A flow chart on one page should not break and jump to another page
7. A flow chart should have no more than around 15 symbols (not including START and STOP)
24. Design a program using a flow chart.
The algorithm sums all the even numbers between 1 and 20 inclusive and then displays the sum. It uses a repeat loop and contains a null else within the repeat loop.
The equivalent pseudocode is:
sum = 0
count = 1
REPEAT
IF count is even THEN sum = sum + count
count = count + 1
UNTIL count > 20
DISPLAY sum
25. Use subprocesses in flow charts.
The subprocess is useful because:
* it provides a means of simplifying programs by making common processes available to a wide number of programs.
* it permits the modularisation of complex programs.
* it makes for more reliable programs since once it is shown that a process works then it can be made a subprocess and need not be tested again.
26. Use nested conditionals in flow charts.
http://users.evtek.fi/~jaanah/IntroC/DBeech/images/3gl_flow_nest2.gif
27. Use nested loops in flow charts
Each single step through the outer loop will lead to the complete iteration
of the innner loop. Assume that the outre loop counts through 10 steps and the inner loop through 100 steps. The sequence in the inner loop will be executed 10 * 100 times. Nested loops will do a lot of work.
october 17
17. What is pseudocode?
Pseudocode, like step-form, is a written way of stating algorithms but uses a much more restricted vocabulary. It is very much like a 3GL and for many programmers and program designers is the preferred way to state algorithms and program specifications. Pseudocode is a written statement of an algorithm using a restricted and well-defined vocabulary.
Output: DISPLAY;
Iterate: REPEAT statement UNTIL; DOWHILE statement END DOWHILE; FOR = to ENDFOR
Decision: IF THEN statement ENDIF; IF THEN statement ELSE statement ENDIF
Processing: ADD, SUBTRACT, COMPUTE, SET
19. Use math, relational, and logical operators in pseudo-code.
20. Use subprocess/subroutines/functions in pseudo-code.
Pseudocode, like step-form, is a written way of stating algorithms but uses a much more restricted vocabulary. It is very much like a 3GL and for many programmers and program designers is the preferred way to state algorithms and program specifications. Pseudocode is a written statement of an algorithm using a restricted and well-defined vocabulary.
18. List the pseudocode statements for input, output, iterate, decision, and processing.
Input: READ;Output: DISPLAY;
Iterate: REPEAT statement UNTIL
Decision: IF
Processing: ADD, SUBTRACT, COMPUTE, SET
19. Use math, relational, and logical operators in pseudo-code.
Algorithm (arrayMax(A, n))
curMax = A[0]
for i=1 i < A[i]
curMax = A[i]
return curMax
curMax = A[0]
for i=1 i < A[i]
curMax = A[i]
return curMax
2n + 2
• n=5 -> 12
• n=100 -> 202
• n=1,000,000 -> 2,000,002
• n=5 -> 12
• n=100 -> 202
• n=1,000,000 -> 2,000,002
20. Use subprocess/subroutines/functions in pseudo-code.
study questions 1
IMD230 William's study questions
1. )The algorithm is part of the blueprint or plan for the computer program. An effective procedure for solving a problem in a finite number of steps.2. Algorithms show these three features:
1. Sequence (also known as Process)
2. Decision (also known as Selection)
3. Repetition (also known as Iteration or Looping)
3.)Sequence means that each step or process in the algorithm is executed in the specified order. In the example algorithm above each process must be in the correct place otherwise the algorithm will most probably fail.
4.)In algorithms the outcome of a decision is either true or false, there is no in between. The outcome of the decision is based on some condition that can only result in a true or false value, for example:
5.)The repeat loop is used to iterate or repeat a process or sequence of processes until some condition becomes true. It has the general form:The repeat loop does some processing before testing the state of the proposition, what happens though if in the example above the kettle is already full? If the kettle was already full at the start of the repeat loop then putting more water in will lead to an overflow.
6.) 1. Step-Form
2. Pseudocode
3. Flowchart
4. Nassi-Schneiderman
7.)Just about every algorithm contains data and usually the data is "contained" in a thing called a variable. The variable is a container for a value which may vary during the execution of the program. For example, in our tea-making algorithm the level of water in the kettle is variable, the temperature of the water is variable, the quantity of tea leaves is also variable.
8.)If the kettle does not contain water then fill the kettle.
If Water_Level is 0 then fill the kettle
9.)The data used in algorithms can be of different types. The simplest types of data that an algorithm might use are:
10.)* numeric data like 12, 11.45, 901.
- alphabetic or character data like 'A', 'Z' or 'This is alphabetic'.
- logical data, that is propositions with true/false values.
12.)Step 1: Investigation step,Step 2: Preliminary algorithm step,Step 3: Refining the algorithm step
13.)computer programs, aka software, and software systems, collections of softwares, have quite well-defined life cycles,The need for a program is recognised, the requirements are analysed, a possible solution is designed, the prototype is built and tested, and finally the program is put into use. Figure 1 shows the typical life-cycle for a computer program.
14.)There is a strong connection between phases 2 and 3 since the process of designing a solution to a problem is an iterative process and often involves a great deal of discovery.
15.)A variable is something whose value will change over time. For example daily temperature is a variable. If you measure the room temperature now and measure it one hour from now there is every chance that the two measurements will give different values. In this example the word temperature represents a variable.process is an activity which, in computing terms, transforms data. In general terms a process is an activity which involves some steps designed to achieve a particular outcome. Processes take data, the contents or values of variables, and transform it.
16.)The process of making a sandwich
William Eddy
Algorithm to making a sandwich
1. identify what a sandwich is
2. identify the Peanut Butter
3. identify the Jelly
4. identify the bread
5. direct attention to opening both Peanut butter and Jelly
6. receive knife from drawer
7. spread peanut butter on one slice of bread
8. spread Jelly on other slice of bread
9. put knife in the sink, to be cleaned
10. close peanut butter jar and put back in cabinet
11. close Jelly jar and put back in cabinet
12. put both slices of bread together making a PB-n-J
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